Editorial: Impact of oral and gut microbiome on health and diseases.

The gut microbiome (10¹³ to 10¹⁴ cells) and oral microbiome (10⁹ to 10¹⁰ cells) are significant components of the human microbiome. A healthy microbiome promotes the overall well-being of the individual, whereas dysbiosis leads to various health concerns. The gut and the oral microbiome often communicate through the 'oral-gut axis' route. It is important to explore these cross-talks and identify the relevant microbial communities. The goal of this collection is to uncover how oral and gut microbiota, and their crosstalk, regulate human health, drive disease through dysbiosis, and can be precisely modulated for therapeutic benefit. This collection of 35 articles will be an invaluable resource for researchers interested in (1) microbial dysbiosis and disease progression, (2) the influence of diet and lifestyle on oral-gut microbiome composition, and (3) the therapeutic potential of microbiome modulation (Figure 1). The study highlighted the necessity for integrated therapeutic techniques that concurrently address both oral and gut ecosystems to reduce systemic as well as local inflammation.A study by Guo et al. on 25 infected men who have sex with men (MSM), demonstrates significant shifts in the salivary microbiome across different stages of HIV infection, with notable changes in both fungal diversity and functional pathways, notable dominance of Pseudogymnoascus, and considerable functional alterations.These findings suggest that the oral microbiome could serve as a valuable diagnostic tool for monitoring HIV-related oral health, with potential implications for therapeutic strategies.Weakness status in individuals results in deviation from the normal microbiota. Two The entry capability of viable but non-cultivable (VBNC) states as a survival strategy under stressful conditions has gained considerable attention in recent years. Due to low metabolic activity, the VNBC cells are highly tolerant of antibiotics and antimicrobials. Ari et al. discuss the VBNC state, its importance in public health, and diagnostic techniques, with a special focus on the VBNC state in oral bacteria.Microplastics (MPs), products of the breakdown of large plastics, are omnipresent in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. MPs are known to reach and accumulate in the human gut microbiome through ingestion and inhalation. This disruption has been linked to various health issues, including gastrointestinal disorders, systemic inflammation, and chronic diseases. The gut-brain axis may also be affected, with potential neuroinflammatory consequences. A interesting review by Bora et al. highlights the effects of MPs on human health, emphasizing their impact on the gut microbiome. They discuss the potential connections between MP exposure and cardiometabolic and inflammatory diseases, as well as disorders related to the gut-brain axis.Two articles discussed the role of the oral and gut microbiome in women's health and The collection significantly advances the understanding of the microbiome of the domain 'oral-gut axis'. This topic reinforces the concept that oral and gut microbiomes are not separate entities; rather intertwined, having profound effects on host health.There are several discussions of the oral-gut microbiome in the context of diseases and fatigue, such as PD, MAFLD, CKD, and CVD, etc. The topic not only raises the health concerns associated with the gut and oral microbiome but also proposes solutions by proposing the gut-oral microbiome as a biomarker and a therapeutic target in modern medicine.