Evaluating the relationship between microplastics and nanoplastics contamination and diverse cancer types development

Microplastics are defined as plastic particles no larger than 5 mm, while nanoplastics are even smaller particles with dimensions less than 1000 nm. With mounting evidence of their widespread presence in human tissues and diverse ecosystems, these micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) have collectively emerged as ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They can enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, or dermal absorption. Once inside, MNPs may interact with biological systems and potentially contribute to carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. Micro- and nanoplastics can generate reactive oxygen species, leading to oxidative stress - a known carcinogenic factor. Additionally, they may induce chronic inflammation, creating a pro-cancer environment characterized by the release of inflammatory mediators. MNPs may also disrupt cellular signaling pathways critical for processes like cell differentiation, proliferation, cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, potentially resulting in uncontrolled cell growth and cancer promotion. The risk of cancer from MNPs depends on the duration and intensity of exposure. Long-term exposure to high concentrations is likely to pose a greater risk than short-term, low-level exposure. Emerging evidence suggests that MNPs pollution may significantly threaten human health, particularly regarding cancer development. Further research is needed to better understand the risks associated with exposure to various types, sizes, and concentrations of MNPs, as well as to elucidate the mechanisms underlying MNPs-induced carcinogenesis.