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Water quality assessment of lake water: a review
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This review of lake water quality assessment methods briefly notes plastic debris as an emerging concern in freshwater bodies, including lakes, where it affects open-water, shoreline, and benthic environments at densities comparable to oceanic accumulation zones. While the paper's primary focus is on chemical and biological water quality parameters, it situates microplastic pollution within a broader framework of freshwater contamination threats.
Ever increasing population, urbanization and modernization are posing problems of sewage disposal and contamination of surface waters like lakes. Natural water gets contaminated due to weathering of rocks, leaching of soils and mining processing, etc. Various types of problems in lake which cause nutrient enrichment in lake have been reviewed. Land use change and longer growing seasons could increase the use of fertilizers with subsequent leaching to watercourses, rivers and lakes, increasing the risk of eutrophication and loss of biodiversity. Water quality can be assessed by various parameters such as BOD, temperature, electrical conductivity, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, dissolved oxygen, etc. Heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Fe, Hg, etc. are of special concern because they produce water or chronic poisoning in aquatic animals. Harmful algal blooms are becoming increasingly common in freshwater ecosystems globally. Pollution by plastic debris is an increasing environmental concern in water bodies, where it affects open-water, shoreline and benthic environments. Surface water densities of plastics are as high as those reported for areas of litter accumulation within oceanic gyres. Different methods have been used to analyse the water quality of lake such as Hyperion, water quality index and hazard quotient. It is recommended that pollution prevention and water re-use should be adopted in combination with the recycling of nutrients in controlled urban agriculture.
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Researchers reviewed the presence of microplastics across freshwater, marine, and drinking water sources and assessed the associated risks to human and wildlife health, concluding that ubiquitous contamination in water bodies represents a serious and growing public health challenge that demands urgent regulatory attention.
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