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Assessment of intake and effect of microplastics and its combination with metals in experimental (Daphnia magna) and environmental conditions (freshwater fish)
Summary
Researchers assessed the intake and effects of microplastics and their combination with metals using Daphnia magna as an experimental model and freshwater fish under environmental conditions, investigating how microplastics adsorb and transport harmful metals in freshwater systems.
Mikroplastika (MP) obuhvaća plastične čestice manje od 5 mm koje se s obzirom na porijeklo dijele na: primarnu MP, koja se namjerno proizvodi u sitnim dimenzijama i kao takva primjenjuje (kozmetika i industrijski granulati) te sekundarnu MP, koja nastaje razgradnjom većih plastičnih predmeta uslijed mehaničkog trošenja, UV zračenja i kemijskih procesa. Zbog svoje male veličine, MP je prisutna u različitim okolišima, uključujući i slatkovodne sustave, gdje može adsorbirati i prenositi druge štetne tvari, poput metala. Cilj provedenog istraživanja bio je odrediti prisutnost MP-a i koncentracije metala (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, Cr, Pb) u okolišnim uvjetima na šest lokacija u Republici Hrvatskoj (rijeke Orljava, Česma, Sunja, Zrmanja, Butižnica te Vransko jezero), kroz njihovu analizu u razgrađenom probavnom sadržaju slatkovodnih riba (klen, mren, drlja, pastrva, babuška, bodorka). Također, provedeno je i eksperimentalno istraživanje testiranjem akutne toksičnosti MP-a, metala (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Co, Cd, Cr, Pb) te binarnih otopina MP-a i metala, tijekom 24, 48 i 72 h na modelnom organizmu vodenbuhi (Daphnia magna Straus, 1820). Mikroplastika je pronađena u probavilu riba sa svih lokacija, uključujući i očuvana područja poput rijeke Zrmanje i parka prirode Vranskog jezera. Najveći broj MP čestica i najviše koncentracije metala zabilježene su u babuški iz rijeke Česme, što se može povezati s antropogenim onečišćenjem, dok su općenito niže razine zabilježene u riba iz krških vodenih ekosustava. Testovi toksičnosti su pokazali najveću toksičnost Cd i Cu, koja se očitovala već pri 0,5 mg/L , dok su svi metali pri koncentracijama većim od 2 mg/L izazvali potpuni letalni učinak. Izračunate EC50 vrijednosti potvrđuju različitu toksičnost metala za organizme, ovisno o vrsti metala, te su kako slijedi (mg/L): Cu, Cd i Pb 0,15, Zn 0,32, Cr 0,40, Fe 0,54, Mm 0,63 i Co 1,12. Male MP čestice bile su toksičnije od većih jer njihova veličina omogućava unos u jedinke vodenbuha, a kombinacije metala i MP-a uzrokovale su sinergistički letalni učinak. Fluorescentnom mikroskopijom potvrđeno je prisustvo MP-a u probavilu jedinki vodenbuha, te je dokazan unos i ekotoksični utjecaj ovih onečišćujućih tvari na akvatičke organizme.
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