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Tier 2
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Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence.
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Microplastics are everywhere
2017
Austin K. Baldwin,
Kerensa A. King,
Richard Damstra,
Byron Karns,
Lark Weller,
Sherri A. Mason,
Timothy J. Hoellein,
Lisa Kim
Summary
Researchers investigated combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and the synthetic estrogen ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on Daphnia magna reproduction and gene expression. The combination produced greater reproductive impairment than either stressor alone, suggesting additive or synergistic toxicity that is missed in single-compound studies.