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Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence.
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Microplastics - a growing environmental risk
Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja
2017
Outi Setälä,
Päivi Fjäder,
Olli Hakala,
Petrus Kautto,
Maiju Lehtiniemi,
Elina Raitanen,
Markus Sillanpää,
Julia Talvitie,
Lauri Äystö
Summary
This study investigated the spread of rubber granulate from artificial football pitches into surrounding environments, tracking particles from playing surfaces to adjacent soils, drainage systems, and surface waters. Granulate spread was substantial and extended beyond field boundaries, entering aquatic systems through stormwater pathways.