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Possibilities for Microplastic Removal in the Wastewater Treatment Process
Original title: Możliwości usuwania mikroplastiku w procesie oczyszczania ścieków
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This Polish-language study examined the capabilities of wastewater treatment processes for removing microplastics, highlighting that treatment plants are themselves significant sources of microplastics in surface waters. The paper reviews removal efficiencies for different treatment technologies and identifies the need for more advanced treatment steps.
Mozliwości usuwania mikroplastiku w procesie oczyszczania ściekow Streszczenie Oczyszczalnie ściekow uznawane są za jedno z istotnych źrodel mikroplastiku w wodach powierzchniowych. Obecnośc tego typu zanieczyszczen w wodach stwarza realne niebezpieczenstwo dla organizmow wodnych. Mikroplastik w ściekach pochodzi przede wszystkim z kosmetykow, jak rowniez z ubran, z ktorych wyplukiwany jest podczas prania. W ściekach surowych stezenia mikroplastiku siegają kilkunastu tysiecy cząsteczek/m3. Podczas oczyszczania w oczyszczalni usuwane jest ze ściekow nawet powyzej 90% mikroplastiku obecnego w ściekach surowych. Pomimo tego, pozostale 10% wprowadzone do wod powierzchniowych stanowi istotne zagrozenie dla środowiska. Efektywnośc usuwania cząsteczek mikroplastiku wzrasta wraz ze wzrostem ich rozmiarow, mozna ją ponadto zwiekszyc stosując w trzecim stopniu oczyszczania filtracje pośpieszną lub procesy membranowe. Podczas oczyszczania ściekow znacząca cześc mikroplastiku usuwana jest jednak podczas sedymentacji wstepnej, co powoduje, ze usuniete z ściekow drobiny kumulują sie w osadach ściekowych. Ze wzgledu na to, ze na powierzchni mikroplastiku latwo sorbują sie inne mikrozanieczyszczenia organiczne, jak np. WWA lub PCB, ale takze nieorganiczne, jak metale ciezkie, wprowadzanie mikroplastiku wraz z osadami ściekowymi do gleby zwieksza skazenie środowiska takze innymi mikrozanieczyszczeniami. Slowa kluczowe: mikroplastik, oczyszczalnie ściekow; ścieki; osady ściekowe; mikrozanieczyzczenia Possibilities of microplastics removal during wastewater treatment Abstract Wastewater treatment plants are considered as one of import ant sources of microplastics in surface waters. Presence of these micropollutants in water poses a serious risk for living organisms. Sources of the microplastics in sewage are mainly cosmetics and washing of cloths. Concentrations of microplastics in raw wastewater reach even few thousands particles per 1 m3. During conventional treatment about 90% of microplastics present in raw sewage is removed, but even remaining 10% poses a risk for the environment. Effectiveness of microplastics removal from wastewater increases as the diameter of the particles increases. More efficient removal of microplastics can be achieved by using tertiary treatment of wastewater, e.g. rapid filtration or membrane processes. During wastewater treatment most microplastics particles are removed from wastewater in preliminary sedimentation tanks. As a result microplastics are cumulated in sewage sludge. Because on the fact that on the surface of microplastics organic (e.g. PAHs, PCBs) or inorganic micropollutants (heavy metals) are easily adsorbed, discharge of the sludge into soil increases contamination of the environment also by other micropollutants. Key words: microplastics; wastewater treatment plant; wastewater; sewage sludge; micropollutants
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