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Toxicity of mixtures of cyanobacteria and microplastics in aquatic organisms
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Scientists tested how water fleas (Daphnia magna) responded to microplastics, toxin-producing algae extracts, and mixtures of both. Both substances alone caused harmful effects like reduced survival, growth and reproduction, and combining them showed some added interactions between the two contaminants.
Over the years, it has been observed an increase contamination of aquatic environments, where the presence of natural toxins and microplastics is increasingly frequent and at higher concentrations in these environments, frequently co-exist.Organisms such as cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates may produce the toxins.Cyanobacteria are ubiquitous and in certain environmental conditions have an exponential population growth forming blooms.Microcystis aeruginosa is very common in freshwater environments and may produce bioactive compounds such as microcystin-LR, a hepatotoxic cyanotoxin.Toxic effects have already been described in many organisms exposed to these cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin.The effects caused by the cyanobacteria are not only due to MC-LR but also to other compounds produced by M. aeruginosa.Microplastics are ubiquitous synthetic particles up to 5mm with a lot of different physic-chemical properties such as size, shape, density, polymer, among others.These particles were already shown to be toxic to many organisms and their effects are variable according to their properties.The aim of this of this study was to investigate the toxicity of the mixtures of M. aeruginosa extracts and microplastics on Daphnia magna.An acute bioassay was carried out with four concentrations of MPs, four concentrations of M. aeruginosa extracts and four binary mixtures of both, in which immobilization was used as effect criteria.Then a chronic bioassay of 21 days was carried out with three concentrations of MPS, three concentrations of M. aeruginosa extracts and three binary mixtures of both, in which mortality, growth and reproduction parameters were used as effect criteria.OECD guidelines for D. magna were followed to perform these bioassays, with the necessary adjustments.In addition to the results of exposure to contaminants alone that indicate a toxic effect, as already described by other authors, the results evidence some interactions of both contaminants.iiiResumo Ao longo dos anos, tem sido observado um aumento da contaminação dos ambientes aquáticos, onde a presença de toxinas naturais e microplásticos é cada vez mais frequente e em concentrações mais altas, coexistindo com frequência, sendo que estas toxinas podem ser produzidas por cianobactérias e dinoflagelados.As cianobactérias são omnipresentes e, em certas condições ambientais, têm um crescimento populacional exponencial, formando blooms.A Microcystis aeruginosa é uma cianobactéria muito comum em ambientes de água doce e pode produzir compostos bioativos como a microcistina-LR, uma cianotoxina hepatotóxica.Estas cianobactérias e cianotoxinas já mostraram ser tóxicas para vários organismos e foi demonstrado que o efeito da cianobactéria não se deve apenas à cianotoxina.Os microplásticos são partículas sintéticas omnipresentes com dimensões até 5 mm e muitas propriedades físico-químicas diferentes, como tamanho, forma, densidade, polímero, entre outros.Estas partículas já mostraram ser tóxicas para vários organismos e os seus efeitos podem variar consoante as suas propriedades.O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a toxicidade das misturas de extratos de M. aeruginosa e de microplásticos sobre Daphnia magna.Um bioensaio agudo foi realizado com quatro concentrações de MPs, quatro concentrações de extratos de M. aeruginosa e quatro misturas binárias de ambos, nos quais a imobilização foi utilizada como critério de efeito.Em seguida, foi realizado um bioensaio crónico de 21 dias com três concentrações de MPs, três concentrações de extratos de M. aeruginosa e três misturas binárias de ambos, nos quais a mortalidade, o crescimento e os parâmetros reprodutivos foram utilizados como critério de efeito.As diretrizes da OCDE para D. magna foram seguidas para realizar esses bioensaios, com os ajustes necessários.Além dos resultados da exposição aos contaminantes isolados, que indicam um efeito tóxico na D. magna, como já descrito por outros autores, os resultados evidenciaram algumas interações entre os contaminantes.Os resultados obtidos foram ponderados e debatidos em relação à saúde ambiental bem como nas possíveis implicações no bem-estar e saúde humana.
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