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Microplastics: Are they really a threat to groundwater systems?
Summary
This review assesses whether microplastics pose a genuine threat to groundwater systems, concluding that while evidence of microplastic presence in groundwater is growing, transport mechanisms and ecological risks remain poorly characterized. Researchers call for standardized methods and long-term monitoring to better evaluate the scale of the problem.
Recently, global annual plastics production has reached a record of 359 million tonnes and in Europe nearly 62 million tonnes, with only a small portion (6-26%) being recycled. Plastic debris released into the environment are categorized, according to size, as macroplastics (> 5mm), microplastics (0.1μm - 5mm) and nanoplastics (< 0.1μm). Microplastics are now recognized as an emerging pollutant due to their abundance in natural environments, and because of growing concerns, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) has included it in the list of top 10 environmental problems.Additionally, microplastics have a tendency to act as a vector for other contaminants such as pathogens, organic pollutants and heavy metals due to strong dispersion and diffusion mechanisms. The majority of ongoing research on microplastics has primarily focussed on marine systems, but land surface contamination may also be important due to observed release rates that are approximately 20 times higher, in comparison to oceans. Nevertheless, only a few studies have addressed the presence of microplastics in soil and groundwater.A research gap exists regarding the physical and chemical mechanisms that govern microplastic transport and retention in groundwater. Therefore, a study is being conducted to investigate the distribution, fate and transport of microplastics through groundwater. The overall aim is to improve the understanding of the transport mechanisms of these emerging pollutants and if they enhance the mobility of microbial communities. This research has two main objectives: firstly, to simulate the transport behaviour of various kinds of microplastics (different types, shapes, sizes, and surface morphology), secondly, to analyse the microplastics as potential vectors for microorganisms.The key factors that are affecting the transport of different sized microplastics will be addressed. Additionally, the co-transport of microorganisms with microplastics during their movement within soil and groundwater will also be considered.