Impact of Biofilm Formation on Microplastic Behaviour in Aquatic Environments: An Comprehensive Review.

Urban growth, global climate change, and dependence on traditional infrastructure have progressively interfered with natural hydrological processes, causing increased flood hazards, water pollution, urban heat islands, and environmental degradation in cities across the globe.Conventional drainage systems that favor fast conveyance of stormwater out of urban space have proved ineffective in addressing the expanding area of impervious surfaces, unpredictable rainfall patterns, and outdated infrastructure.To respond, SuDS have developed as a holistic, environmentally friendly method of stormwater management.SuDS focus on the application of natural processes, such as infiltration, filtration, storage, and controlled release, to reduce flooding, improve water quality, and promote urban biodiversity.This review critically assesses the principles, design methods, and multifunctional advantages of SuDS, as well as implementation issues including requirements for maintenance, cost, and site-specific limitations.The research includes a comprehensive case study from Saitama City, Japan, presenting real-world results and lessons, and comparing with effective SuDS implementations in Europe, Asia, and North America.Additionally, the potential for implementing SuDS with smart solutions, climate-resilient urban planning, and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is examined, pin pointing opportunities for innovative, sustainable water management in cities that meet environmental, social, and economic goals.