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Instabilities in vibrated fluids and manipulation of liquids in microgravity: theory and experiment
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This thesis presents theoretical and experimental investigation of vibrated fluids in microgravity conditions, describing interfacial phenomena and their interactions in the absence of gravity. Results demonstrate how vibrations can be used for active control and manipulation of fluid interfaces in space.
Esta Tesis presenta una investigación teórica y experimental detallada de fluidos vibrados en microgravedad. Los resultados describen distintos fenómenos interfaciales, así como su interacción y coexistencia. En microgravedad, es esta interacción y coexistencia el reflejo de la respuesta aumentada de sistemas fluidos a la aplicación de vibraciones, y sugiere su uso para control y manejo activo de estos sistemas, un problema fundamental en misiones espaciales. Se estudia la dinámica de ondas de superficie subarmónicas, por su relevancia en experimentos de ondas cross-waves, confirmando su aparición vía bifurcación tipo Hopf y modulación temporal, y en experimentos en microgravedad, donde se manifiestan como inestabilidad secundaria. Desde un punto de vista de selección de patrón interfacial, se analiza la inestabilidad de frozen waves y las estructuras columnares asociadas en microgravedad. Resultados específicos muestran la influencia sobre distintas características de la inestabilidad (umbral, selección de modos y transiciones, simetría, etc.) de un tamaño finito de contenedor y la orientación del eje de vibración respecto a la interfaz inicial, efectos inherentes a cualquier experimento, y el nivel de gravedad. Además, se demuestra la excitación secundaria de ondas tipo Faraday wave, y su desestabilización y consiguiente aparición del fenómeno drop ejection. En cuanto a control activo de fluidos, el alineamiento perpendicular al eje de vibración característico de las superficies de vibroequilibria es especialmente relevante y sugiere, en cierto modo, gravedad artificial. Experimentos en gravedad reducida indican evidencia clara del efecto de vibroequilibria en geometría cilíndrica y rectangular, y en fluidos con distintas propiedades interfaciales y de contacto. Los resultados demuestran la tendencia general de las soluciones de vibroequilibria hacia el alineamiento perpendicular mencionado anteriormente, y confirman las predicciones teóricas y numéricas en el espacio de parámetros experimentales explorado. Esta Tesis contribuye a la mejora del conocimiento en fluidos vibrados en microgravedad. La evaluación conjunta de los resultados sugiere que el uso de vibraciones para control activo de fluidos es posible. En línea con esta conclusión y motivado por la crisis ambiental de los microplásticos, el grupo de investigación está inmerso actualmente en el análisis del transporte de partículas a través de interfaces fluidas vibradas. Este objetivo se enmarca dentro de un proyecto más amplio que pretende investigar la absorción de microplásticos por criaturas marinas o, el problema análogo de la absorción de partículas de polvo a través de la piel; de relevancia para el futuro de la exploración espacial tripulada. ----------ABSTRACT---------- In this Thesis, an extensive theoretical and experimental investigation of vibrated fluids in microgravity is presented. The results describe various interfacial phenomena of different nature, as well as their coexistence and interaction. The observed dynamics reflects the ease with which fluid systems respond to applied vibrations in microgravity, and suggests the possibility of using vibrations for fluid control and management in weightlessness, which is one of the fundamental challenges in space exploration. The dynamics of parametrically forced subharmonic waves is analysed due to its relevance to experiments on cross-waves, confirming the initial Hopf bifurcation to modulated solutions, and to microgravity experiments, where these waves are observed following a secondary instability. A detailed analysis of the frozen wave instability in reduced gravity and the associated columnar structures is conducted from a pattern formation perspective. The specific results show the influence on different features of the instability (threshold, mode selection and transitions, symmetry, etc.) of finite-size effects and variable forcing orientation, both of which are intrinsic features of real experiments, and the gravity level. In addition, the appearance of secondary Faraday waves is demonstrated and, depending on forcing, their subsequent instability to drop ejection. From the point of view of fluid management and control, the degree of interface alignment achieved by the vibroequilibria effect in weightlessness is especially suggestive of artificial gravity. Experiments show clear evidence of vibroequilibria in cylindrical and cuboidal geometries, for fluids of very different interfacial and contact properties. The results confirm the general tendency for vibroequilibria states to reorient large portions of the interface so as to be more perpendicular to the vibrational axis, and are further supported by theory and simulations over the explored range of parameters. The present work contributes to the understanding of vibrated fluids in microgravity. Taken as a whole, the results strongly suggest that it should be possible to use vibrations for fluid control and management in microgravity environments. In line with this general conclusion, and motivated by the growing crisis of microplastics, the research group is currently analysing the use of vibrations for controlling the motion and transport of small particles through fluid interfaces. This objective is part of a more ambitious project aiming to investigate the adsorption of microplastics by marine creatures, or the analogous problem of dust adsorption through epithelia, which is relevant to manned space exploration missions.
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