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Interaction of Pesticides with Nano and Microplastics in Aquatic Systems: Co-toxicity and Remediation Strategies a Review
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Researchers reviewed how microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments adsorb pesticides and act as vectors for combined chemical toxicity, examining interaction mechanisms, co-toxicity effects on aquatic organisms and human health, and evaluating remediation and regulatory strategies.
Microplastics and nanoplastics are pervasive in aquatic environments, presenting significant global challenges due to their high toxicity. Their small size, extensive surface area, and hydrophilic and lipophilic properties enable them to effectively adsorb hazardous chemicals, including pesticides. These contaminated microplastics and nanoplastics are readily transported within ecosystems, facilitating the dispersion of pollutants through water flow and resulting in adverse effects on aquatic organisms. Additionally, these pollutants can enter the human food chain, posing health risks. This review synthesizes existing research on the interactions between microplastics and nanoplastics and pesticides, examining their distribution patterns, mechanisms of interaction, and regulatory factors. It also evaluates the co-toxicity of these pollutants on aquatic life and human health. Furthermore, the review discusses various removal techniques aimed at mitigating their environmental and health impacts, proposing regulatory frameworks and identifying future policy and research directions to reduce their effects. This review also recommends including the development of environmentally sustainable methods for pollutant removal, such as biodegradable alternatives to plastics and improved recycling practices, to address the proliferation of microplastics, nanoplastics, and associated pesticides globally.
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This integrated review covers the occurrence, toxicology, and detection of micro- and nanoplastics across freshwater, marine, and estuarine ecosystems, using case studies to illustrate biomagnification through aquatic food webs and the compounding risk from co-occurring chemical contaminants. The review calls for stronger international collaboration and policy frameworks grounded in scientific evidence, recognizing that the pervasive nature of micro- and nanoplastics in aquatic systems poses escalating risks to both ecosystem integrity and human health.
A State-of-Art Review on Toxicity and Effect of Micro/Nano Plastic on Water Life: Current Statistics and Bioremediation Strategy
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Researchers review the toxicological effects of micro- and nanoplastics on aquatic organisms, compiling current data on contamination levels in water bodies and evaluating bioremediation strategies for reducing plastic pollution driven by growing urbanization and industrialization.
Microplastics as Vectors of Pesticides
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Researchers reviewed how microplastics act as secondary vectors for pesticides in agricultural soils, altering the sorption, desorption, transport, persistence, and bioavailability of agrochemicals in ways that complicate conventional risk assessments.
Interactions Between Microplastic and Heavy Metals in the Aquatic Environment: Implications for Toxicity and Mitigation Strategies
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This review examined how microplastics interact with heavy metals in aquatic environments, showing that temperature, pH, salinity, polymer type, and particle size modulate adsorption, desorption, and combined toxicity, with MPs acting as mobile heavy metal carriers throughout aquatic food webs. Understanding the synergistic toxicity of MPs and heavy metals is essential because their combined effects on aquatic organisms—and on humans consuming contaminated seafood—likely exceed the hazard of either pollutant alone.
Microplastics in aquatic environment: fate, human exposure, removal and advances of nanotechnology in remediation
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This review traces microplastic pathways from aquatic sources — including seafood, drinking water, and sea salt — through the human food chain, estimating up to 26,250 microplastic particles ingested per person annually from seafood alone, while also cataloging the toxic additives and co-transported heavy metals these particles carry. It evaluates physical, chemical, and biological removal methods before identifying nanotechnology-based approaches as the most promising next generation of water treatment for microplastic elimination.
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