Do membrane filtration systems in drinking water treatment plants release nano/microplastics?

Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) are thought to be able to remove many micropollutants including nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs). However, few studies have focused on the water treatment process itself producing NPs and/or MPs. This paper discussed the possibility of releasing NPs and MPs from organic membranes in drinking water treatment plants. The effects of physical cleaning, chemical agents, mechanical stress, aging, and wear on the possibility of membrane breach during long-term use were analyzed. Further analysis based on membrane aging mechanisms and material properties revealed that the membrane filtration systems could release NPs/MPs to drinking water supply networks. Although the toxicity of membrane materials to human body needs further study, the action that should be taken to treat the release of NPs/MPs in DWTPs cannot be ignored: (1) in-depth study of the generation and release mechanisms of NPs/MPs; (2) reconsideration of membrane life cycle design; (3) determination of NPs/MPs concentration limits in drinking water through toxicity assessment; (4) accelerating development of biomembrane and inorganic membrane materials; and (5) unification of NPs/MPs sampling and testing standard. Accordingly, more research needs to be conducted to investigate the release of NPs and/or MPs from DWTPs.