Smart and Sustainable Microplastic Removal: Hybrid Systems, Bio-Inspired Technologies, Real-Time Sensing, and Policy Integration

Abstract The pervasive accumulation of microplastics in aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a critical global environmental challenge with profound implications for biodiversity, food safety, and human health. Conventional remediation approaches often fail to address microplastics' complex physiochemical diversity and resilience. In recent years, hybrid and bio-inspired technologies have emerged as promising alternatives for efficient microplastic remediation. This review critically examines the state-of-the-art hybrid systems comprising synergetic combinations of physical, chemical, and biological processes and bio-inspired approaches that mimic natural filtration, adhesion, and degradation mechanisms. Emphasis is placed on membrane-based hybrids, nature-mimicking adsorbents, and enzyme-functionalized materials and microrobots, as well as recent advances in smart monitoring systems and sensor technologies for real-time detection. Additionally, the review highlights the importance of integrated policies and technological synergies, stressing the need for harmonized regulatory frameworks and cross-sector collaboration to enable scalable and sustainable solutions. By integrating interdisciplinary insights, this work positions hybrid, bio-inspired and data-informed strategies at the forefront of sustainable solutions for microplastic remediation, paving the way toward cleaner ecosystems and circular plastic economies.