Drivers and Impacts of Microplastics in Estuaries

The goal of this paper is to create a conceptual model reflecting the pathway of microplastics (MPs) before they reach estuaries by synthesizing results from previous studies that identify major potential drivers of MPs contamination in the aforecited marine receptor. Further, the paper reports on organisms which so far are documented to be affected by these microdebris in either pelagic or benthic zones of the estuarine ecosystem based on studies reviewed. Results indicate that domestic effluents, industrial wastes, fishing lines, and recreational activities are the primay sources of MPs accumulating in estuaries. The model also presents that MPs enter the marine receptor through the sewer system, direct dumping, extreme weather conditions, or via the river. There are 23 species of fish from 13 families that are documented with MP ingestion and mostly are bottom-feeders. This, in effect, allows the entry of MPs into thehuman food web. Hence, the present study recommends intensive information, education and communications campaign (IEC) such as IEC on banning of single-use packaging which intensify MP abundance not only in estuaries but in other bodies of water whether in inland or open sea.