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Single and combined effects of Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and bisphenol A on life traits of the tropical micro-crustacean Ceriodaphniacornuta
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This study investigated the individual and combined effects of two common plastic additives — DEHP (a phthalate plasticizer) and bisphenol A — on the life history of freshwater zooplankton. Both chemicals are leached from plastic products into the environment and were found to affect reproduction and survival, with combined effects sometimes different from either chemical alone.
Plastics, plastic additives, and their emission have attracted significant attention and concern both socially and scientifically. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are two of the many plastic additives widely found in aquatic environments, which can have severe impacts on aquatic animals like micro-crustaceans. Therefore, this study assessed the chronic effects of DEHP and BPA, both individually and jointly, at environmental concentrations (e.g. 50 and 500 g/l) on the survival rate, reproduction, and growth of the tropical micro-crustacean Ceriodaphnia cornuta. We found that each of the two plastic additives, and a mixture of the two, had some influence on the survivorship of C. cornuta. While DEHP marginally enhanced the reproduction of the animals, BPA strongly inhibited it. Additionally, the mixture of DEHP and BPA caused a synergistic effect on reproduction but an antagonistic effect on the growth of C. cornuta. Both DEHP and BPA induced a significantly longer body of C. cornuta when exposed to these plastic additives. Our results showed that the tropical microcrustacean C. cornuta is more sensitive to DEHP and BPA than the temperate micro-crustacean D. magna in relation to body length development and reproductive characteristics. Our findings enrich the knowledge of DEHP and BPA toxicity to tropical micro-crustaceans. Besides, our results are also of significant value to freshwater monitoring and environmental risk assessments of plastic additives.
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Researchers tested the toxic effects of polyethylene terephthalate microparticles and the plasticizer DEHP on aquatic organisms, finding that both caused harm individually and that combined exposure produced distinct toxic responses.
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Researchers exposed hard-shelled mussels to a common plastic additive (DEHP) and polystyrene microplastics together, and found that the microplastics increased how much DEHP accumulated in the animals' digestive organs. The combined exposure disrupted the mussels' antioxidant defenses and altered their metabolic processes more than either pollutant alone. The study suggests that microplastics can amplify the harmful effects of chemical pollutants in marine organisms.
The synergistic effect of mono and co-exposure of microplastic suspensions on Daphnia magna’s survival, population density, reproduction rate & swimming behavior.
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When water fleas (Daphnia magna) were exposed to mixtures of HDPE, LDPE, and polypropylene microplastics together, the combined toxicity was substantially greater than any single polymer alone, with the mixture LC50 dropping to 77 mg/L compared to 109–123 mg/L for individual plastics. This synergistic effect — reducing survival, reproduction, and normal swimming behavior — is an important finding because organisms in nature encounter mixtures of plastic types, not just one at a time.
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Researchers tested the acute and chronic effects of polyester fibers and polyethylene beads, both individually and as mixtures, on the freshwater zooplankton Ceriodaphnia dubia. Both types caused dose-dependent survival effects in acute exposures, and chronic exposure reduced growth and reproduction even at lower concentrations. The study found that fiber-bead mixtures produced less than additive effects, suggesting the two forms of microplastics interact in complex ways.
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Brazilian researchers tested the ecotoxicological effects of combining polyethylene microplastics with the insecticide imidacloprid on the freshwater crustacean Daphnia, finding combined exposures were more toxic than either pollutant alone. These results suggest that microplastics and pesticides together pose greater risks to aquatic organisms than studies of single pollutants indicate.
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