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Toxicity Induced by Micro-and Nanoplastics through Oxidative Stress: The Role of Co-Exposure to Other Chemical Pollutants
Summary
This review examined how micro- and nanoplastics cause oxidative stress — a form of cellular damage — in living organisms, particularly when combined with other chemical pollutants in the environment. Co-exposure to microplastics and chemicals like pesticides or heavy metals tends to be more damaging than either pollutant alone.
The increasing use of plastic materials in last decades, along with difficulties in disposal management and scarce degradability, has made these contaminants ubiquitous and persistent in the environment. Their impact on aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems constitutes an emerging threat for environmental, human, and animal health. Plastics are classified in micro-and nanoplastics. Living organisms accumulate along the trophic chains the micro-and nanoplastics usually introduced through ingestion and, in some cases (for instance, mammals), also through inhalatory and dermal routes. The exposure to micro-and nanoplastics may cause adverse effects in living beings involving different biological structures and toxicity pathways.