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A Review of Microplastics in Aquatic Sediments: Occurrence, Fate, Transport, and Ecological Impact
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Researchers reviewed how microplastics accumulate in aquatic sediments — particularly the ocean floor — finding that sediments act as a long-term sink where plastics alter microbial communities and harm bottom-dwelling organisms, meaning the ecological damage of plastic pollution extends far beyond what is visible at the water surface.
Microplastic (MP) pollution is a global concern due to its prevalence and persistence in the environment. Aquatic sediments, particularly marine sediments, are considered as the potential final sink of this pollution. This review summarizes (1) the fate and transport of microplastics (MPs) in waters and aquatic sediments and (2) the ecological impact of MPs, including the interactions between MPs and microbiome, and the effects of MPs on living organisms in aquatic sediments. Characteristics of MPs, water movement, and weathering conditions determine the fate and transport of MPs. These factors influence MPs’ travel and inclination to settle. The interactions of MPs and microbiome can alter bacterial communities, cause MPs’ biodegradation, and facilitate biofouling that subsequently changes the fate and transport of MPs. MP presence poses exposure risks to benthic organisms through direct ingestion or trophic transfer, negatively affecting not only individual organisms but also the fauna. The destiny of MPs is affected by many factors, from MPs’ characteristics to water movement and weathering. Thus, future research is warranted to develop comprehensive modeling tools that include all the key factors to better understand and predict the fate and transport of MPs in aquatic environments and sediments. The potential impact from the exposure to MPs on the ecosystem of aquatic sediments is relatively less studied. More research is needed in this area, particularly from a systematic level, to understand how different biotic and abiotic factors will interact together and what the consequential impact of these interactions on ecological and human health are.
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Research Progress on Sources and EcologicalEffects of Microplastics in Sediments
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This review synthesizes research on the sources and ecological effects of microplastics in sediments, tracing transport pathways from terrestrial runoff through freshwater systems to marine sediment sinks and documenting impacts on benthic organisms and ecosystem function. Sediments serve as long-term reservoirs of microplastic pollution, making sediment ecology a critical lens for understanding cumulative environmental burden and food chain exposure risks posed by plastic debris.
Microplastics in Soils and Sediments: a Review of Characterization, Quantitation, and Ecological Risk Assessment
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Researchers reviewed current methods for detecting and measuring microplastics in soils and sediments, identifying a lack of standardized protocols as a key barrier to comparing findings across studies. The review calls for urgent development of consistent methodologies to better assess the true scale of microplastic pollution in land environments.
Occurrence, Distribution, and Removal of Microplastics from Aquatic Ecosystems
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Researchers investigated the occurrence, distribution, and removal strategies for microplastics in aquatic ecosystems, reviewing how their pervasive presence and resistance to conventional treatment create persistent risks for both environmental and human health.
Occurrence and Ecotoxicological Effects of Microplastics on Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems
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Researchers reviewed how microplastics — now present in the water we drink, the food we eat, and the air we breathe — accumulate in and harm both aquatic and land-based ecosystems, highlighting the broad reach of plastic pollution as a threat to wildlife and potentially to human health.
Microplastic Pollution in Freshwater Sediments: Spatial–Temporal Patterns
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This global review of freshwater sediment studies finds that human activities, stormwater runoff, water flow, and sediment grain size all shape where microplastics accumulate in rivers and lakes, but most data come from Asia with limited coverage elsewhere. Filling these geographic and temporal gaps is essential for understanding the long-term fate of microplastics in freshwater systems that supply drinking water worldwide.
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