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Unlocking the circular economy potential of spent dialysate in hemodialysis
Summary
Spent dialysate fluid from kidney dialysis machines was explored as a feedstock for circular economy resource recovery, including polymers. This niche study identifies medical waste streams as a potential source of recoverable plastic materials, reducing disposal-related pollution.
Spent dialysate, a byproduct of hemodialysis, is traditionally discarded but holds significant potential for resource recovery within a circular economy framework. This literature review synthesizes research on the composition, ecotoxicological risks, treatment technologies, and resource recovery opportunities of spent dialysate. Characterized by high salinity, nitrogenous compounds, and contaminants like antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and microplastics, spent dialysate poses moderate environmental risks, including eutrophication and antimicrobial resistance dissemination. Advanced treatment methods, such as reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF), effectively remove contaminants, while struvite crystallization and energy recovery via heat exchangers and microbial fuel cells (MFCs) enable the valorization of water, nutrients, and energy. These approaches reduce carbon emissions by 30–50% and offer economic benefits through cost savings and revenue generation. However, regulatory gaps, high infrastructure costs, and limited research on microplastics highlight the need for further investigation to fully realize the circular potential of spent dialysate. This review synthesizes these challenges, identifies key implementation barriers, and outlines critical research priorities to translate this promising concept into sustainable practice. Dializado gastado, un subproducto de la hemodiálisis, tradicionalmente se descarta, pero tiene un gran potencial para la recuperación de recursos dentro de un marco de economía circular. Esta revisión bibliográfica sintetiza investigaciones sobre la composición, los riesgos ecotoxicológicos, las tecnologías de tratamiento y las oportunidades de recuperación de recursos del dializado gastado. Caracterizado por su alta salinidad, compuestos nitrogenados y contaminantes como genes de resistencia a antibióticos (ARG), sustancias perfluoroalquiladas y polifluoroalquiladas (PFAS) y microplásticos, el dializado gastado representa riesgos ambientales moderados, como eutrofización y diseminación de resistencia antimicrobiana. Métodos avanzados de tratamiento, como la ósmosis inversa (RO) y la nanofiltración, eliminan eficazmente los contaminantes, mientras que la cristalización de estruvita y la recuperación de energía mediante intercambiadores de calor y celdas de combustible microbianas (MFC) permiten valorizar agua, nutrientes y energía. Estos enfoques reducen las emisiones de carbono en un 30–50% y ofrecen beneficios económicos mediante ahorros de costos y generación de ingresos. Sin embargo, las brechas regulatorias, los altos costos de infraestructura y la investigación limitada sobre microplásticos resaltan la necesidad de más estudios para aprovechar plenamente el potencial circular del dializado gastado. Esta revisión sintetiza estos desafíos, identifica las barreras clave para la implementación y esboza prioridades de investigación críticas para trasladar este concepto prometedor a la práctica sostenible.
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