New Insights Into Hematological, Serum Biochemical and Histopathological Toxicity of Bisphenol a on Bighead Carp (Aristichthys Nobils) Under Long-Term Exposure

<title>Abstract</title> Bisphenol A (BPA) is one of the highest volume chemicals produced worldwide and is frequently used in dental sealants, water bottles, food and beverage packaging. Due to persistant application, BPA has become potential threat to variety of organisms including public health. In this study for the first time 80 bighead carps were randomly placed in different four groups (A-D). Fish in groups (B-D) were treated with BPA 60 days while fish in group A served as control group. Body weight, absolute and relative weight of different visceral organs of fish exposed to higher concentrations (1500 µg/L) of BPA decreased significantly (p &lt; .05). Results on proximate analysis showed significantly decreased in crude proteins, lipid contents and moisture contents in muscles while increased ash contents. Red blood cells count, hemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly decreased while leukocytes counts and neutrophil counts was significantly increased in treated fish. Results on different serum biochemistry parameters like serum albumin and total proteins decreased significantly (p &lt; .05) while alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea creatinine, glucose, cholesterol and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increased significantly (p &lt; .05) in treated fish. Histopathological ailments like pyknosis, degeneration glomeruli, increased Bowman’s space, ceroid formation in kidneys while ceroid formation, hemorrhages, pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis, binucleated hepatocytes, nuclear hypertrophy and eccentric nuclei in liver were observed in treated fish. Histological observation of ndifferent sections of brain of treated fish exhibited degenerated neurons in cerebellum, lipofuscin deposition, microgliosis, necrotic neurons, inflammatory cell and severe hemorrhage. Results on light microscopic observation of different sections of heart of bighead carp revealed necrosis, inflammatory reaction, neutrophilic myocarditis and hemorrhages. In conclusion, it is suggested that BPA induces adverse effects on physical, blood-biochemical parameters and histopathological changes in multiple visceral tissues of exposed fish.