Tsunamis: Causes, impact, and recovery challenges

Purpose: This paper explores the multifaceted causes, impacts, and recovery challenges associated with tsunamis, emphasizing their links to climate change, marine ecosystem degradation, and global sustainability efforts under SDG 13. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study adopts a qualitative and integrative review of scientific literature and institutional reports. It examines the physical mechanisms of tsunamis, their socio-economic and psychological consequences, and the role of technological and policy-based interventions in disaster recovery. Findings: Tsunamis, primarily triggered by underwater seismic events, are intensified by climate change through sea-level rise and coastal erosion. Beyond physical destruction, tsunamis disrupt social cohesion, livelihoods, and mental health, while marine debris exacerbates ecological damage. The paper identifies artificial reefs and mangrove restoration as key ecological strategies, complemented by policy frameworks such as Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and Marine Spatial Planning (MSP). Technological innovations, including early warning systems and marine debris recovery projects (Ocean Cleanup, Seabin, WasteShark), enhance disaster preparedness and resilience. Moreover, international cooperation and financial mechanisms, such as the Green Climate Fund, are critical to supporting long-term recovery, particularly in developing nations. Practical Implications: The importance of integrating ecosystem restoration, disaster risk reduction, and technology-based solutions into national and international resilience strategies. Originality/Value: By linking climate action, marine sustainability, and post-disaster governance, the paper contributes to an interdisciplinary understanding of sustainable recovery from tsunamis.