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Microplastics: An overview on separation, identification and characterization of microplastics
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This review provides an overview of methods for separating, identifying, and characterizing microplastics from water, sediment, and air samples, including techniques like FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and density separation. The study highlights the lack of standardized protocols and the difficulty of detecting particles smaller than one micrometer, which are classified as nanoplastics.
At present plastic residues has become grave threat to the environment. Microplastics are plastic residues with a size <5 mm, due to their small size it is very difficult to remove them from water bodies, sediments and air with available techniques. Nanoplastics are different in size range as nanoplastics are smaller than 1 μm in size. This review is an attempt to gather an insight towards microplastic and its associated point of concerns. The review will highlight some of the methods appropriate for microplastics sampling and techniques for its identification in environmental samples. Some of the sampling methods include sieving, filtration, visual sorting, digestion, density separation. While, identification techniques in practice are SEM-EDS, FTIR, NIR, Raman, NMR spectroscopy, etc. Still there is a need and scope for development of more economical and portable techniques in this direction.
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This review systematically covers the full analytical pipeline for identifying environmental microplastics — from sample collection and density separation through digestion, filtration, and spectroscopic identification — highlighting that Raman spectroscopy outperforms FTIR for particles under 10 µm and that method standardization remains the central challenge for cross-study comparability.
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This review covers current methods for detecting and removing micro- and nanoplastics from the environment, including techniques like FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry for identification. Researchers also evaluated treatment technologies, including membrane filtration systems, for removing plastic particles from water sources. The study highlights the need for efficient, cost-effective solutions as plastic pollution continues to spread through water, soil, and living organisms.
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Researchers reviewed the analytical tools most commonly used for identifying and quantifying microplastics, focusing on FTIR and Raman spectroscopy as the two primary methods. The review compared their strengths and limitations and provided guidance for choosing between them based on particle size, sample matrix, and research objectives.
Identifying and Characterizing Microplastics
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This book chapter reviews analytical methods for microplastic extraction, identification, and quantification across environmental matrices including soil, surface water, and marine environments, identifying density separation as the primary extraction method and FTIR and Raman spectroscopy as the standard identification tools. The authors recommend development of standardized procedures to enable consistent and comparable results across studies.
Characterization Techniques for Quantifying Environmental Microplastics
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This book chapter reviews the analytical methods used to detect, identify, and quantify microplastics across different environmental media — water, sediment, air, and biota — covering techniques like FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. A standardized, well-validated toolkit for characterizing microplastics is foundational to producing comparable data across the thousands of studies now being conducted worldwide.
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