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Tier 2
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Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence.
Environmental Sources
Marine & Wildlife
Policy & Risk
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Human impacts and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region
2021
10 citations
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Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count.
Score: 45
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0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Anders Omstedt,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Juris Aigars,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Anders Omstedt,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Kari Hyytiäinen,
Marcus Reckermann,
Marcus Reckermann,
Anders Omstedt,
Anders Omstedt,
H. E. Markus Meier,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
H. E. Markus Meier,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Magdalena Bełdowska,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Anders Omstedt,
Anders Omstedt,
Anders Omstedt,
Anders Omstedt,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Tarmo Soomere,
Magdalena Bełdowska,
Tarmo Soomere,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Tarmo Soomere,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Juris Aigars,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Juris Aigars,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Juris Aigars,
Juris Aigars,
Michał Czub,
Naveed Akhtar,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Naveed Akhtar,
Naveed Akhtar,
Juris Aigars,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Tarmo Soomere,
Magdalena Bełdowska,
Kari Hyytiäinen,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Karol Kuliński,
Magdalena Bełdowska,
Magdalena Bełdowska,
Jacek Bełdowski,
Jacek Bełdowski,
Jacek Bełdowski,
Jacek Bełdowski,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Tom Cronin,
Tom Cronin,
Magdalena Bełdowska,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Tom Cronin,
Juris Aigars,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Michał Czub,
Michał Czub,
Michał Czub,
Margit Eero,
Juris Aigars,
Juris Aigars,
Juris Aigars,
Juris Aigars,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Margit Eero,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Margit Eero,
Kari Hyytiäinen,
Kari Hyytiäinen,
Kari Hyytiäinen,
Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen,
Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen,
Jukka-Pekka Jalkanen,
Anders Kiessling,
Anders Kiessling,
Anders Kiessling,
Erik Kjellström,
Erik Kjellström,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Erik Kjellström,
Karol Kuliński,
Karol Kuliński,
Karol Kuliński,
Xiaoli Guo Larsén,
Xiaoli Guo Larsén,
Xiaoli Guo Larsén,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Michelle L. McCrackin,
Michelle L. McCrackin,
Michelle L. McCrackin,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
H. E. Markus Meier,
H. E. Markus Meier,
H. E. Markus Meier,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Kevin E. Parnell,
Kevin E. Parnell,
Kevin E. Parnell,
Cristian Pons-Seres de Brauwer,
Beata Szymczycha,
Cristian Pons-Seres de Brauwer,
Beata Szymczycha,
Cristian Pons-Seres de Brauwer,
Anneli Poska,
Anneli Poska,
Anneli Poska,
Jarkko Saarinen,
Jarkko Saarinen,
Jarkko Saarinen,
Sonja Oberbeckmann,
Beata Szymczycha,
Beata Szymczycha,
Beata Szymczycha,
Emma Undeman,
Emma Undeman,
Emma Undeman,
Anders Wörman
Anders Wörman
Anders Wörman
Eduardo Zorita,
Eduardo Zorita,
Eduardo Zorita,
Anders Wörman
Summary
This review synthesized knowledge on human impacts in the Baltic Sea region including eutrophication, hazardous substances including microplastics, fisheries, and climate change, finding that these pressures interact in complex ways that compound their individual effects and require integrated transboundary management to address.
Study Type
Environmental
Abstract. Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are stongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affects the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region, and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities (i.e. climate change, coastal processes, hypoxia, acidification, submarine groundwater discharges, marine ecosystems, non-indigenous species, land use and land cover), some are completely human-induced (i.e. agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, river regulations, offshore wind farms, shipping, chemical contamination, dumped warfare agents, marine litter and microplastics, tourism, coastal management), and they are all interrelated to different degrees. We present a general description and analysis of the state of knowledge on these interrelations. Our main insight is that climate change has an overarching, integrating impact on all of the other factors and can be interpreted as a background effect, which has different implications for the other factors. Impacts on the environment and the human sphere can be roughly allocated to anthropogenic drivers such as food production, energy production, transport, industry and economy. We conclude that a sound management and regulation of human activities must be implemented in order to use and keep the environments and ecosystems of the Baltic Sea region sustainably in a good shape. This must balance the human needs, which exert tremendous pressures on the systems, as humans are the overwhelming driving force for almost all changes we see. The findings from this inventory of available information and analysis of the different factors and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world.