Review on the distribution of microplastics in the oceans and its impacts: Need for modeling-based approach to investigate the transport and risk of microplastic pollution

Many studies have proven that microplastics are transported from the terrestrial ecosystem to the marine ecosystem. Furthermore, it has been established that a significant quantity is added to the marine ecosystem through river transport and atmospheric deposition. Though several methods exist to estimate the concentration of microplastics in the marine ecosystem, it is very difficult to precisely quantify the pollutants and determine the amount transported from the land to the ocean. The data on the extent of microplastic pollution are influenced by the sampling methods and the time of sampling. An examination of the literature reveals that only limited studies have been conducted to examine the interaction of microplastics and their additives with the marine organisms. Hence, more such studies are warranted to shed light on these interactions. Few modeling studies have been conducted to estimate the future addition of plastics to the marine ecosystem. To obtain better output, appropriate models that consider the current scenario need to be developed. Models help us to understand the sources, transport, sinks, and risks of microplastic pollution. This will enable us to develop appropriate strategies and, measures to reduce plastic littering in the environment, thus marine plastic pollution is minimized in the future.