Evolution of the ecosystem in Baiyangdian Lake

Baiyangdian Lake, which is also known as the “Kidney of North China” and “Pearl of North China,” is the largest among 143 lakes of different sizes in Haihe plain located in central Hebei province. The water quality in Baiyangdian Lake is moderately and mildly eutrophic; it reaches the surface water Class IV standard with seasonal variations. Combined with data from previous studies, ecological changes in Baiyangdian Lake over the past 70 years are elaborated herein. With the rapid development of industrial economies, the environment of Baiyangdian Lake has been damaged dramatically since the 1950s. The potential risk level of cadmium in Baiyangdian Lake sediments varies from moderate to severe. The contents and varieties of microplastics and antibiotics detected in Baiyangdian Lake have also increased. The diversity and abundance of native plants, animals, and microorganisms have been influenced by multiple environmental factors and human activities. In this paper, the distribution characteristics and sources of pollutants are summarized by discussing the diversity and abundance of plants, animals, and microorganisms in Baiyangdian Lake. This study would provide important scientific data and theoretical support for the pollution control and ecological service function improvement of Baiyangdian Lake.