The scientific basis for addressing marine micro- and nanoplastic pollution: Informing effective monitoring and remediation frameworks

The pollution of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs), stemming from the degradation of macroplastics and other sources, poses a significant threat to marine ecosystems. While analytical techniques such as hyperspectral imaging and mass spectrometry are crucial for their detection and monitoring, accurately identifying NPs remains a key challenge due to their nanoscale properties. The ecotoxicological effects of these particles permeate the entire marine food web. From inhibited photosynthesis in phytoplankton to oxidative stress and reduced reproduction in primary consumers, the impacts are profound. These effects are transmitted to secondary consumers, manifesting as immunotoxicity and reproductive issues, and are further amplified in top predators through bioaccumulation, causing severe physiological harm. Concurrently, decomposers experience metabolic disruptions that compromise their ecological functions, thereby affecting benthic ecosystem health. To counter these widespread impacts, a portfolio of remediation strategies is under development. These range from physical and chemical removal to biological degradation, with integrated hybrid methods representing the forefront of mitigation efforts. Ultimately, curbing the pervasive threat of MPs and NPs necessitates adaptive and comprehensive solutions.