Microbial routes to nanotechnology: Green synthesis, biofilm inhibition, agricultural applications and emerging links to microplastics in Atheromas

An emerging area of nanotechnology is the microbial synthesis of nanoparticles, which provides environmentally acceptable and sustainable substitutes for traditional physical and chemical manufacturing techniques. As natural nano factories, microorganisms like bacteria, fungus, actinomycetes, and microalgae mediate the reduction and stabilization of metal ions into nanoparticles with distinct physicochemical characteristics. These biogenic nanoparticles have great promise for use in a variety of industries, such as biofilm management, sustainable agriculture, and biomedical applications. They serve as nano-fertilizers, nano herbicides, and nano fungicides in agriculture, improving crop output, nutrient availability, and disease resistance while lessening their negative effects on the environment. They are useful instruments in the fight against persistent microbial communities in industrial, medicinal, and environmental settings because of their strong antibacterial qualities and capacity to break down biofilms. New research also shows how microplastics and nanoparticles interact in vascular settings, which may help explain how atheroma develops and how cardiovascular health is affected. The synthesis processes, structural and functional diversity, and uses of microbial nanoparticles in many industries are examined in this review. In addition, it examines how nanotechnology might be used to mitigate the health hazards associated with microplastics while assessing issues with toxicity, environmental destiny, and regulatory mechanisms. A strong, long-lasting framework for tackling urgent issues in environmental health, healthcare, and agriculture is provided by microbial nanotechnology taken together.