Policies and Perspectives on Regulating Microplastic Fibre Pollution

Over the past decade, scientific research has shown the ubiquitous presence in the environment of microplastic fibres released by textile products made of synthetic materials such as polyester and acrylic. The effects of such microplastic fibres on the environment and on human health are yet to be fully determined. Nevertheless, their persistence over time and the dramatic production increase of textiles generating them makes tackling microplastic fibre pollution a necessity. The chapter provides an as-wide-as-possible, without claiming to be exhaustive, state-of-the-art overview of policy options suitable to different situations and degrees of evidence and technological advancement, with the aim of inspiring the textile industry and policy makers to prevent and address microplastic fibre pollution. With a thorough study of available literature on evidence concerning microplastic fibres, combined with a review of existing legislation and policies worldwide, including relevant policies not directly targeting microplastic fibres, and input from international organizations and specialized studies on the topic, five main recommendations have emerged. Firstly, awareness raising among consumers, the textile industry and policy makers is key to the implementation and success of any policy option, as they are rooted in the prerequisite of behavioural changes. Secondly, collaboration between textile scientists and scientists working on the detection of microplastics is recommended, as new high performing textiles can help prevent microplastic fibres release. Thirdly, environmental policies on microplastic fibres should be integrated within textile regulations, given that this sector is right at the source of the problem. Fourthly, pending the development and implementation of measures at source, the adoption of no-regret measures such as wastewater treatment and washing machine or ventilation filters is to be supported. Such measures should be funded preferably by EPR schemes. Lastly, microplastic fibre pollution should be monitored in all environmental compartments to measure the effects of policies and build evidence as to reduce uncertainty and better anticipate deterioration of the environment.