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Integrated Approaches to Water Quality Assessment and Treatment: A Comprehensive Review
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This comprehensive review integrates physical, chemical, and biological water quality parameters, examines major pollution sources including emerging contaminants like microplastics, and surveys advances in real-time IoT-enabled monitoring and integrated treatment approaches.
Water quality management lies at the intersection of environmental protection, resource sustainability, and public health. This comprehensive review synthesizes global research on integrated approaches to water quality assessment, monitoring, and treatment. It examines the fundamental physical, chemical, and biological parameters governing water quality and the use of Water Quality Indices (WQI) as a unified tool for evaluation and policy communication. Major pollution sources—agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and domestic waste—are explored alongside emerging contaminants such as pharmaceuticals and microplastics. The paper highlights advances in real-time monitoring using IoT-enabled sensors, remote sensing, and machine learning for predictive analysis. Treatment technologies ranging from conventional coagulation and filtration to advanced membrane, adsorption, and biological systems are reviewed, emphasizing innovations in nanotechnology and advanced oxidation processes. Design and management strategies for modern water treatment plants (WTPs) incorporate automation, sustainability, and cost optimization frameworks. Key challenges include technical, economic, and regulatory barriers, as well as the exacerbating impacts of climate change and inequities in developing regions. Future directions focus on renewable energy integration, circular economy principles, and water reuse. The study concludes that sustainable water management demands an adaptive, interdisciplinary, and technology-driven framework supported by robust policy, public participation, and global cooperation.
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This review examined real-time water quality monitoring systems, evaluating sensors, data transmission technologies, and AI approaches for continuous assessment of physical, chemical, and biological parameters at scale. The authors proposed integrating IoT-connected sensor networks with machine learning to enable early warning of contamination events including microplastic and pathogen loads.
Monitoring Water Quality: Suggestions and Prospects
AI summary Read the abstract
This review examined real-time water quality monitoring systems, evaluating sensors, data transmission technologies, and AI approaches for continuous assessment of physical, chemical, and biological parameters at scale. The authors proposed integrating IoT-connected sensor networks with machine learning to enable early warning of contamination events including microplastic and pathogen loads.
Water Quality Challenges and Technological Innovations for Sustainable Management
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This review examines technological innovations for sustainable water quality management in the context of increasing contamination from chemical pollutants, pathogens, and emerging contaminants including microplastics. Researchers summarized advances in water quality assessment methods and treatment technologies that address these modern challenges. The study highlights how rapid urbanization and climate change are intensifying the need for more sophisticated water management approaches.
Smart Water Safety: An Integrated IoT Framework for Microplastic and Chemical Contamination Detection
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Researchers developed an IoT water quality monitor that integrates pH, TDS, and turbidity sensors with an optical microplastic detector — using a blue LED, Nile Red fluorescence, and a 90° light-scattering photodetector — to simultaneously assess chemical contamination and microplastic presence, reporting a unified Water Quality Index via a live web interface.
Microplastics in aquatic systems: An in-depth review of current and potential water treatment processes
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This review provides a detailed examination of microplastic contamination in aquatic systems and evaluates current and emerging water treatment technologies for their removal. Researchers assessed methods ranging from conventional coagulation and filtration to advanced techniques like membrane bioreactors and electrochemical processes. The study concludes that while no single technology fully eliminates microplastics, combining multiple treatment approaches offers the most promising path forward.
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