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Analysis of the application of microorganisms for the degradation of plastics
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This review examines the use of microorganisms to degrade plastic waste, covering the types of bacteria and fungi known to break down common polymers such as polyethylene, polystyrene, and PET. It discusses the enzymatic mechanisms involved and the potential for scaling up microbial plastic degradation as a waste management strategy.
Currently one of the most common waste is plastic, it is possible to find it in large volumes in soil and water, however, the danger of this does not lie in its composition but in the amount that is produced, consumed and discarded. annually across the globe. "Each year around 500,000 billion bottles and a trillion plastic bags are manufactured in the world" (EPA, 2012); This generates research on more mechanisms to treat this contamination by plastic waste; One of the possible solutions that have been proposed is bioremediation, that is, biodegradation by means of microorganisms, such as bacteria, or mainly fungi; taking advantage of its ability to accelerate the decomposition of these polymers, minimizing collateral waste. In the present work the biological processes that a microorganism carries out when in contact with a polymer under certain conditions are explained, it is evident that two species of fungi and bacteria (Aspergillus, Fusarium, Pseudomonas and Streptomyces) are the most optimal to obtain energy and food of the polymer in question as the only source; In the same way, the need to expand the study in order to obtain a complete degradation is present.
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This review examines how microorganisms can break down common plastics like polyethylene and PET through enzymatic processes. Researchers summarized the key bacterial and fungal species capable of degrading plastics and the conditions that affect degradation rates. The study highlights that while microbial plastic degradation is promising, natural breakdown is slow and more research is needed to make biological solutions practical at scale.
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