Microplastics in marine ecosystems: Sources, effects, and mitigation strategies

Microplastics are emerging as a significant pollutant in marine ecosystems, with detrimental effects on marine life, ecosystems, and potentially human health. This review examines the sources, pathways, and distribution of microplastics in marine environments. It also explores their ecological and biological impacts, focusing on how microplastics affect marine organisms across trophic levels. Furthermore, the paper discusses current mitigation strategies aimed at reducing microplastic pollution, including policy frameworks, technological advancements, and individual actions. The review underscores the urgent need for global collaboration to address the growing threat of microplastic contamination in marine ecosystems.