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Sifat Fisik dan Mekanik Bioplastik Komposit dari Alginat dan Karagenan
Summary
Researchers developed a bioplastic composite from alginate and carrageenan — both derived from seaweed — and tested how varying carrageenan content affected its physical and mechanical properties. Higher carrageenan content improved strength and flexibility. Seaweed-based bioplastics could replace conventional plastics in packaging applications while reducing plastic pollution.
Sampah plastik di Indonesia mencapai 64 juta ton setiap tahunnya dan 3,2 juta ton diantaranya dibuang ke laut, sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk menciptakan plastik yang ramah lingkungan (bioplastik). Alginat dan karagenan merupakan polisakarida yang dihasilkan dari rumput laut yang berpotensi sebagai bahan pembuat bioplastik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh karagenan terhadap karakteristik bioplastik komposit alginat-karagenan dengan pemlastis gliserol. Alginat diperoleh dari ekstraksi Sargassum sp. dan karagenan diperoleh dari ekstraksi Kappaphycus sp. yang berasal dari Jepara, Jawa Tengah. Bioplastik dibuat dengan cara mencampurkan 1 gram alginat dan berbagai konsentrasi karagenan (1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0; 3,5 gram) dalam 100 ml akuades yang diaduk dengan magnetic stirer selama 30 menit pada suhu 90oC. Gliserol sebanyak 10 ml ditambahkan ke dalam campuran dan dihomogenkan kembali selama 15 menit. Bioplastik dicetak dengan pelat kaca dan dikeringkan dalam oven pada suhu 50oC selama 18 jam, kemudian dilepaskan dari cetakan dan dicelupkan ke dalam larutan CaCl2 2%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi karagenan berpengaruh (p<0,05) terhadap sifat mekanik (kuat tarik dan elongasi) dan sifat fisik (ketebalan, keburaman dan biodegradabilitas), tetapi tidak berpengaruh (p>0,05) pada ketahanan air bioplastik. Konsentrasi karagenan terbaik bioplastik komposit alginat-karagenan adalah 1,5 gram karena memiliki sifat fisik dan mekanik yang telah memenuhi Japanese Industrial Standard dan SNI 7188.7:2016 kecuali pada ketahanan airnya. Plastic waste in Indonesia reaches 64 million tons annually and 3.2 million tons of them are dumped into the sea, so research is needed to create environmentally friendly plastics (bioplastics). Alginate and carrageenan are polysaccharides produced from seaweed that have the potential to be used as bioplastics. This study aims to determine the effect of carrageenan on the bioplastic characteristics of alginate-carrageenan composites with glycerol as a plasticizer. Alginate obtained from the extraction of Sargassum sp. and carrageenan obtained from the extraction of Kappaphycus sp. from Jepara, Central Java. Bioplastics were made by mixing 1 gram of alginate and various concentrations of carrageenan (1.5; 2.0; 2.5; 3.0; 3.5 grams) in 100 ml of distilled water which was stirred with a magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes at 90oC. 10 ml of glycerol was added to the mixture and homogenized again for 15 minutes. The bioplastic was molded on a glass plate and dried in an oven at 50oC for 18 hours, then removed from the mold and immersed in a 2% CaCl2 solution. The results showed that carrageenan concentration had an effect (p<0.05) on mechanical properties (tensile strength and elongation) and physical properties (thickness, opacity and biodegradability), but had no effect (p>0.05) on water resistance of bioplastics. The best carrageenan concentration of alginate-carrageenan composite bioplastic is 1.5 grams because it has physical and mechanical properties that meet the Japanese Industrial Standard and SNI 7188.7:2016 except for its water resistance.
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