Dioxins and the One Health Paradigm: An Interdisciplinary Challenge in Environmental Toxicology

Dioxins are legacy and persistent environmental pollutants that pose complex and far-reaching risks to human, animal, and ecosystem health. As unintentional byproducts of industrial and combustion processes, dioxins accumulate in the environment, biomagnify through food webs, and exert toxic effects even at low concentrations. This review applies a One Health lens to synthesize current knowledge on dioxin sources, environmental fate, exposure pathways, and toxicological impacts across species. We have critically examined existing surveillance systems, regulatory frameworks, and policy responses, highlighting both achievements and persistent gaps. A fully integrated One Health approach, linking environmental, animal, and human health domains, is essential for effective monitoring, risk assessment, and mitigation. It includes cross-sectoral collaboration, harmonized biomonitoring, evidence-based policy interventions, and transparent risk communication. Emerging evidence on climate-driven dioxin remobilization and microplastic interactions further underscores the urgency of adaptive, system-based strategies. Strengthening global capacity through such integrative approaches is vital to safeguard planetary health from these enduring contaminants. Quantitative insights and illustrative examples support these conclusions.