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Health burden and economic loss attributable to ambient PM2.5 in Iran based on the ground and satellite data
Summary
Researchers estimated that long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution (PM2.5) caused between 49,000 and 59,000 deaths in Iran in 2018 — representing economic losses of up to $12.8 billion — with satellite-based pollution data revealing greater health impacts than ground monitoring alone captured.
We estimated mortality and economic loss attributable to PM<sub>2·5</sub> air pollution exposure in 429 counties of Iran in 2018. Ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub>-related deaths were estimated using the Global Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM). According to the ground-monitored and satellite-based PM<sub>2.5</sub> data, the annual mean population-weighted PM<sub>2·5</sub> concentrations for Iran were 30.1 and 38.6 μg m<sup>-3</sup>, respectively. We estimated that long-term exposure to ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub> contributed to 49,303 (95% confidence interval (CI) 40,914-57,379) deaths in adults ≥ 25 yr. from all-natural causes based on ground monitored data and 58,873 (95% CI 49,024-68,287) deaths using satellite-based models for PM<sub>2.5</sub>. The crude death rate and the age-standardized death rate per 100,000 population for age group ≥ 25 year due to ground-monitored PM<sub>2.5</sub> data versus satellite-based exposure estimates was 97 (95% CI 81-113) versus 116 (95% CI 97-135) and 125 (95% CI 104-145) versus 149 (95% CI 124-173), respectively. For ground-monitored and satellite-based PM<sub>2.5</sub> data, the economic loss attributable to ambient PM<sub>2.5</sub>-total mortality was approximately 10,713 (95% CI 8890-12,467) and 12,792.1 (95% CI 10,652.0-14,837.6) million USD, equivalent to nearly 3.7% (95% CI 3.06-4.29) and 4.3% (95% CI 3.6-4.5.0) of the total gross domestic product in Iran in 2018.
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