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Nanoplastic occurrence, transformation and toxicity: a review
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Researchers reviewed the environmental fate and biological toxicity of nanoplastics, finding that these sub-micron particles weather, aggregate, and accumulate contaminants in aquatic environments, and that ingestion by microbes, algae, invertebrates, and fish disrupts growth, reproduction, and behavior.
Nanoplastics are emerging contaminants of concern for living organisms and ecosystems, yet nanoplastics are difficult to extract and analyse. Once released into the environment, the fate and behavior of nanoplastics are controlled by physical, chemical, and biological factors. Here, we review nanoplastics weathering, aggregation, biofouling, and bioavailability. Nanoplastics adsorb and transport metals and organic contaminants. Ingestion of nanoplastics by aquatic organims such as microbes, algae, invertebrates, and fish, induces toxicological effects on organism growth, behavior, and reproduction.
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Nanoplastic-Induced Biological Effects In Vivo and In Vitro: An Overview
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Researchers reviewed how nanoplastics accumulate in and harm living organisms, finding that particle size, surface charge, exposure dose, and duration all influence toxicity — with smaller, charged particles penetrating cells more readily and chemical additives amplifying harm beyond the plastics themselves.
Micro-nano Plastics: Development of Carcinogenicity
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Researchers reviewed how micro- and nanoplastics may contribute to cancer development, examining the biological pathways by which these particles — now found throughout the human body — could trigger cell damage, inflammation, and potentially carcinogenic processes.
The effects of nanoplastics on toxicity of metals and metal nanoparticles: molecular mechanisms and health effects
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Researchers reviewed how co-exposure to nanoplastics and heavy metals produces synergistic toxicity across multiple species and cell models, finding that nanoplastics enhance metal bioavailability and amplify oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and gut dysbiosis more severely than equivalent microplastic co-exposures.
Cellular and Animal Toxicities of Micro- and Nanoplastics
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Researchers reviewed evidence from cell and animal studies on the toxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics, finding that these particles can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and organ damage in laboratory models, raising concern about what chronic low-level human exposure might mean for long-term health.
Microplastics and nanoplastics in human health: a comprehensive review of exposure pathways, cellular mechanisms, and toxicological implications
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Researchers reviewed human exposure pathways to microplastics and nanoplastics through seafood, salt, drinking water, inhalation, and skin contact, examining how these particles cross biological barriers to reach organs and trigger oxidative stress, inflammation, and endocrine disruption with poorly understood long-term consequences.
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