Nanoplastics in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Toxicity, Challenges and Mitigation Strategies

Plastic has transformed the industry and everyday life yet it has also formed an ever-present environmental menace. UV radiation, mechanical abrasion, and oxidation degradation lead to the formation of microplastics and nanoplastics (<1000 nm), which pollute the water, soil, and air. Nanoplastics escalate risk because of their minuscule dimensions, high surface energy, capacity to penetrate biological barriers, and engagement with cellular structures. They can be readily taken up by the cells and bioaccumulated within trophic levels. Nanoplastics cause oxidative stress, inflammation, damage to DNA, and endocrine disruption in living organisms, and their presence in the blood, lungs and placenta of human beings portend to long-term systemic consequences. Despite increased sensitivity of the methods of analysis with the help of FTIR, Raman spectroscopy, and pyrolysis-GC-MS, the absence of standard procedures and reference samples remains a limiting factor reproducibility. The issue of weak regulation, inconsistency in methods and lack of chronic-exposure data are reasons why globally harmonised detection frameworks and human biomonitoring systems are required. Nanoplastics can therefore be seen as a negating contaminant that needs integrated measures in order to secure the entire environment and human health risks.