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Detection of microplastics in the aquatic environment
Original title: Detection of microplastics in the aquatic environment
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This Croatian-language article reviews methods for detecting microplastics in aquatic environments, summarizing the technical approaches used to identify and characterize these particles. It discusses the challenges posed by the small size, diverse shapes, and wide variety of polymer types encountered in environmental samples.
Plastika je jedan od najzastupljenijih i najkorištenijih materijala u širokoj upotrebi u svim granama industrije i ljudske svakodnevice modernog društva. Budući da se plastični otpad nekontrolirano odlaže u okoliš, plastika je postala najveći onečišćivač ekosustava na Zemlji. Poseban problem predstavljaju izuzetno male čestice mikroplastike koje su u okolišu neuočljive i u geokemijskom kružnom ciklusu mogu biti biopokretljive ili se mogu bioakumlirati. Globalana zabrinutost svjetske zajednice i interes znanstvenih istraživača, posebice ekologa, usmjereni su na istraživanja utjecaja mikroplastike u vodenom okolišu, sedimentu i bioti. Istraživanja mikroplastike u okolišu zahtijevaju temeljit i opsežan pristup, a dobiveni rezultati ne mogu se uspoređivati zbog upotrebe različitih metoda koje još uvijek nisu standardizirane. Istraživanja obuhvaćaju lociranje područja akumulacije mikroplastike, uzorkovanje, separaciju čestica, detekciju kemijskog sastava čestica te u konačnici njihovo učinkovito uklanjanje. U ovom radu dan je literaturni pregled kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih analitičkih metoda koje uključuju identifikaciju i kvantifikaciju čestica mikroplastike iz vodenog okoliša. U svrhu dobivanja pouzdanih rezultata najvažniji korak je pravilno prikupljanje uzoraka. Pri horizontalnom uzorkovanju koriste se Manta mreže, dok se za vertikalno uzorkovanje koriste Bongo mreže. Za odvajanje čestica mikroplastike od matrice koriste se metode odvajanja po gustoći. Nakon toga vizualnom separacijom koja uključuje i bojanje (oko, mikroskop, povećalo) čestice se razdvajaju prema fizičkim karakteristikama (teksktura, oblik boja). Detekcija mikroplastike podrazumijeva određivanje kemijskog sastava polimera metodama Ramanove spektroskopije (RS) i Fourierove transformacije infracrvene spektroskopije (FTIR). Također, u identifikaciji mikroplastike primjenjuju se i snimanje hiperspektralne slike (HSI) i digitalna holografija (DH).
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