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Impact of Particle Size on Properties of 100% Recycled End-of-Life Tire Rubber Sheets from Calendering
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Researchers investigated additive-free cold calendering of end-of-life tire rubber powders across three particle size fractions, finding that the finest fraction (<0.5 mm) achieved the highest crosslink density and superior mechanical properties, demonstrating a competitive recycling approach with reduced energy consumption relevant to addressing tire rubber microplastic concerns.
This study investigates additive-free cold calendering of ELT-derived rubber powders across three particle size fractions (<0.5 mm, 0.5–0.71 mm, and 0.71–0.90 mm) using a two-roll mill without external heating or virgin polymers, aiming to obtain a cohesive material. Results demonstrate particle size effects on material properties. The finest fraction exhibited the highest crosslink density (5.30 × 10−4 mol·cm−3), approximately 18% greater than coarser fractions, correlating with superior hardness (≈65 ShA) and elastic modulus (≈7.5 MPa). Tensile properties ranged from 1.6–1.8 MPa stress and 60–75% elongation at break, positioning calendered sheets between low-temperature compression-molded GTR and high-pressure sintered materials reported in the literature. The cold calendering process achieves competitive mechanical performance with reduced energy consumption, simplified processing, and complete retention of recycled content. These findings support the development of regulation-compliant ELT recycling technologies, with potential applications in nonstructural construction panels, vibration-damping components, and protective barriers, advancing circular economy objectives while addressing emerging microplastic concerns.
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This study applied thermal, chemical, and mechanical recycling methods to ground tire rubber powder from end-of-life tires and evaluated the resulting thermoplastic vulcanizates, finding that optimized recycling processes can improve interfacial compatibility and mechanical properties enough to yield industrially competitive rubber products.
The Effect of the Recycling Process on the Performance of Thermoplastic Vulcanizates Containing Recycled Rubber from End-of-Life Tyres
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Researchers evaluated thermal, chemical, and mechanical recycling methods for ground tire rubber from end-of-life tires to improve its compatibility in thermoplastic vulcanizate (TPV) composites, finding that optimizing recycling procedures and vulcanization systems reduced interfacial issues and produced materials with competitive mechanical properties for automotive and construction applications.
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This review synthesizes what is known about the ecotoxicology of micronized tire rubber particles, which are increasingly identified as a significant fraction of environmental microplastics, examining their effects on aquatic and terrestrial organisms. The authors note that tire rubber contains a complex mixture of chemical additives that may drive toxicity beyond the physical effects of the particles themselves.
Advancing pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectrometry for tire wear particle mass quantification: effects of elastomer type, microstructure, and sample preparation.
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This lab study tested a common method for measuring tire wear particles, a source of microplastic pollution, using tire samples and rubber materials. Results showed the method's accuracy varied depending on rubber type and sample preparation, with single chemical markers often undercounting rubber content, while using multiple markers together gave more reliable results.
Characteristics of Vehicle Tire and Road Wear Particles’ Size Distribution and Influencing Factors Examined via Laboratory Test
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