Mechanistic and recent updates in nano-bioremediation for developing green technology to alleviate agricultural contaminants

The rise in environmental pollutant levels in recent years is mostly attributable to anthropogenic activities such as industrial, agricultural and other activities. Additionally, these activities may produce excessive levels of dangerous toxicants such as heavy metals, organic pollutants including pesticide and herbicide chemicals, and sewage discharges from residential and commercial sources. With a focus on environmentally friendly, sustainable technology, new technologies such as combined process of nanotechnology and bioremediation are urgently needed to accelerate the cost-effective remediation process to alleviate toxic contaminants than the conventional remediation methods. Numerous studies have shown that nanoparticles possess special qualities including improved catalysis and adsorption as well as increased reactivity. Currently, microorganisms and their extracts are being used as promising, environmentally friendly catalysts for engineered nanomaterial. In the long term, this combination of both technologies called nano-bioremediation may significantly alter the field of environmental remediation since it is more intelligent, safe, environmentally friendly, economical and green. This review provides an overview of soil and water remediation techniques as well as the use of nano-bioremediation, which is made from various living organisms. Additionally, current developments related to the mechanism, model and kinetic studies for remediation of agricultural contaminants have been discussed.