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Exposure to Microplastics during Early Developmental Stage: Review of Current Evidence
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This review examined current evidence on the effects of microplastic exposure during early developmental stages in various organisms. The study highlights that microplastics from both primary and secondary sources can easily disseminate across terrestrial, aquatic, and atmospheric environments, raising concerns about potential developmental impacts during sensitive life stages.
In the last few decades, microplastics (MPs) have been among the emerging environmental pollutants that have received serious attention from scientists and the general population due to their wide range of potentially harmful effects on living organisms. MPs may originate from primary sources (micro-sized plastics manufactured on purpose) and secondary sources (breakdown of large plastic items through physical, chemical, and biological processes). Consequently, serious concerns are escalating because MPs can be easily disseminated and contaminate environments, including terrestrial, air, groundwater, marine, and freshwater systems. Furthermore, an exposure to even low doses of MPs during the early developmental stage may induce long-term health effects, even later in life. Accordingly, this study aims to gather the current evidence regarding the effects of MPs exposure on vital body systems, including the digestive, reproductive, central nervous, immune, and circulatory systems, during the early developmental stage. In addition, this study provides essential information about the possible emergence of various diseases later in life (i.e., adulthood).
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Microplastics as Environmental Pollutants: Biological and Health Consequences – A Comprehensive Review
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Researchers synthesized current knowledge on microplastic sources, environmental distribution, and biological effects across aquatic, terrestrial, and atmospheric systems, documenting pathways by which both primary and secondary microplastics enter organisms and accumulate through food webs.
Microplastic pollution in the marine environment: Sources, impacts, and degradation.
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This review summarizes existing research on microplastic pollution in the ocean, covering sources, effects on marine life, and degradation. Microplastics harm marine organisms across the food chain, from plankton to fish, affecting their growth, reproduction, immune systems, and behavior. Since humans consume many of these marine species, the widespread contamination raises concerns about microplastic exposure through seafood.
Environmental source, fate, and toxicity of microplastics
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This comprehensive review covers the sources, environmental fate, and toxic effects of microplastics across both aquatic and terrestrial environments. The study highlights that microplastics are now found virtually everywhere on Earth and can harm organisms through physical damage, chemical leaching, and by acting as carriers for other pollutants.
Microplastics Contamination in the Environment: An Ecotoxicological Concern
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This review examines the sources, distribution, and toxic effects of microplastics across terrestrial and aquatic environments. The authors summarize evidence that microplastics harm a wide range of organisms by causing physical injury, delivering chemical pollutants, and disrupting ecosystem processes.
Microplastics in the marine environment
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This early review introduced and contextualized microplastics as an emerging class of marine contaminants, summarizing what was then known about their sources, distribution, and potential effects on marine organisms.
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