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Underestimating microplastics? Quantification of the recovery rate of microplastic particles including sampling, sample preparation, subsampling, and detection using µ-Ramanspectroscopy
Summary
Researchers developed a continuous-dosing method to measure the recovery rate of microplastic particles from wastewater treatment plant effluents, finding that standard sampling approaches may significantly underestimate true microplastic concentrations — particularly for high-density particles like PVC that settle rapidly.
This study is one of the first to investigate the recovery rate of high- and low-density microplastic particles (polyvinyl chloride and polypropylene) from wastewater treatment plant effluents or comparable technical facilities under nearly realistic experimental conditions. For this purpose, a method of continuous dosing of microplastic particles into an experimental flume for open-channel flow was developed. Subsequently, 12 samples were taken using volume-reduced sampling and the entire sample purification process including oxidative treatment (with hydrogen peroxide and sodium hypochlorite), density separation (with sodium polytungstate), and subsampling was carried out. Detection was conducted using automatic particle recognition and µ-Ramanspectroscopy. An average recovery rate of 27 ± 10% was determined for polypropylene microplastic particles (d = 53 ± 29 µm), decreasing with the particle size, and 78 ± 14% for polyvinyl chloride microplastic particles (d = 151 ± 37 µm). The results suggest that microplastic emissions from wastewater treatment plants are underestimated, particularly because the recovery rate of small microplastic particles < 50 µm is only 9%.
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