The prevalence of microplastics on the earth and resulting increased imbalances in biogeochemical cycling

The biogeochemical cycles are responsible for the constant transfer and transformation of matter and energy between the biosphere and the other active reservoirs of the planet. During the progress of a biogeochemical cycle, a series of molecular species (ecological “nutrients”) are constantly transferred and chemically altered. Plastic, a new material, has now begun to participate in the biogeochemical cycles. More than just participating, microplastics are interfering with the normal flow of these processes insofar as they can block the transfer of some elements and serve as a shortcut for others. These new materials can increase the bioavailability of pollutants and thus interfere with physiological activities. The results of this interference have not yet been fully evaluated, but in view of the universal presence of these particles in the most varied ecosystems of the planet, urgent measures must be taken to mitigate the negative effects of this invasion. The present review seeks to establish a global view of the distribution of microplastics around the planet and their impact on the main biogeochemical cycles, thus emphasizing the need for the development of adequate management and remediation strategies in the coming years.