Combined effects of cadmium and nanoplastics on oxidative stress, histopathology, and intestinal microbiota in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

Oxidative damage and intestinal microbial imbalance induced by polystyrene microplastics and cadmium in zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Effects of microbeads and cadmium on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rockfish Sebastes schlegeli: comparison of single and combined environmental conditions

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Single and combined exposure of rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) to polystyrene microbeads and cadmium resulted in elevated accumulation in gills and intestines, increased liver oxidative stress, and significant apoptosis in combined-exposure fish compared to single-pollutant groups. The synergistic toxic effect demonstrates that microplastics acting as vectors for heavy metals amplify harm beyond either pollutant alone, with downstream implications for seafood safety and human dietary exposure.

“Biochemical impacts of polyethylene terephthalate microplastics and cadmium on Danio rerio under environmental conditions”

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Twenty-one-day exposures of zebrafish to PET microplastics—alone and combined with the heavy metal cadmium—caused oxidative protein damage and disrupted energy metabolism, with the mixture producing worse effects than either pollutant alone. This synergistic toxicity is significant because fish in real-world waterways encounter microplastics and heavy metals together, making combined-exposure studies critical for assessing actual ecological and food-safety risks.

Nanoplastic exposure alters oxidative stress, immunity, and digestive function in Pinctada fucata martensii

Nanoplastics exacerbate cadmium toxicity in Mytilus coruscus through bioenergetic exhaustion and tissue disintegration