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RETRACTED: Source, occurrence, distribution, fate, and implications of microplastic pollutants in freshwater on environment: A critical review and way forward

Chemosphere 2023 141 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count. Score: 55 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.

Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Hafiz Muhammad Umer Aslam, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Ahtisham Haider, Ayesha Mohyuddin, Ahtisham Haider, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Ahtisham Haider, Ahtisham Haider, Ahtisham Haider, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Ahtisham Haider, Hafiz Ahmad, Hafiz Ahmad, Ayesha Mohyuddin, Ayesha Mohyuddin, Kit Wayne Chew, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Kit Wayne Chew, Ayesha Mohyuddin, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Hafiz Muhammad Umer Aslam, Hui Hwang Goh, Hui Hwang Goh, Hafiz Muhammad Umer Aslam, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Ayesha Mohyuddin, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Hafiz Muhammad Umer Aslam, Hafiz Muhammad Umer Aslam, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Kit Wayne Chew, Kit Wayne Chew, Sohail Nadeem, Kit Wayne Chew, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, Hafiz Ahmad, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Hui Hwang Goh, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohsin Javed, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Kit Wayne Chew, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman Hui Hwang Goh, Hui Hwang Goh, Kit Wayne Chew, Kit Wayne Chew, Kit Wayne Chew, Mohd Hafiz Dzarfan Othman

Summary

This retracted review examined the sources, occurrence, distribution, and fate of microplastic pollutants in freshwater environments. The study aimed to comprehensively cover the scope of microplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems, noting that while marine microplastic research has expanded significantly, freshwater systems have received comparatively less attention despite being important pathways for plastic pollution. Note: this paper has been retracted by its publisher.

Study Type Environmental

The generation of microplastics (MPs) has increased recently and become an emerging issue globally. Due to their long-term durability and capability of traveling between different habitats in air, water, and soil, MPs presence in freshwater ecosystem threatens the environment with respect to its quality, biotic life, and sustainability. Although many previous works have been undertaken on the MPs pollution in the marine system recently, none of the study has covered the scope of MPs pollution in the freshwater. To consolidate scattered knowledge in the literature body into one place, this work identifies the sources, fate, occurrence, transport pathways, and distribution of MPs pollution in the aquatic system with respect to their impacts on biotic life, degradation, and detection techniques. This article also discusses the environmental implications of MPs pollution in the freshwater ecosystems. Certain techniques for identifying MPs and their limitations in applications are presented. Through a literature survey of over 276 published articles (2000-2023), this study presents an overview of solutions to the MP pollution, while identifying research gaps in the body of knowledge for further work. It is conclusive from this review that the MPs exist in the freshwater due to an improper littering of plastic waste and its degradation into smaller particles. Approximately 15-51 trillion MP particles have accumulated in the oceans with their weight ranging between 93,000 and 236,000 metric ton (Mt), while about 19-23 Mt of plastic waste was released into rivers in 2016, which was projected to increase up to 53 Mt by 2030. A subsequent degradation of MPs in the aquatic environment results in the generation of NPs with size ranging from 1 to 1000 nm. It is expected that this work facilitates stakeholders to understand the multi-aspects of MPs pollution in the freshwater and recommends policy actions to implement sustainable solutions to this environmental problem.

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