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A critical review of tire wear particles aging and ecotoxicological consequences in terrestrial environments: Insights into environmentally persistent free radicals

Journal of Hazardous Materials 2025 1 citation ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count. Score: 53 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.

Ruiying Shi, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Yuexing Zhao, Ruiying Shi, Aurang Zeb, Ruiying Shi, Ruiying Shi, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Yuexing Zhao, Yuexing Zhao, Hamra Tariq, Ruiying Shi, Ruiying Shi, Yuexing Zhao, Yuexing Zhao, Yuexing Zhao, Hamra Tariq, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Ruiying Shi, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Yuexing Zhao, Yuexing Zhao, Weitao Liu, Ruiying Shi, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Aurang Zeb, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Yuexing Zhao, Weitao Liu, Ruiying Shi, Yuexing Zhao, Ruiying Shi, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Ruiying Shi, Aurang Zeb, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Aurang Zeb, Weitao Liu, Ruiying Shi, Weitao Liu, Yuebing Sun Aurang Zeb, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Yuebing Sun Weitao Liu, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Sheharyar Khan, Sheharyar Khan, Yuexing Zhao, Ruiying Shi, Ruiying Shi, Ruiying Shi, Yuexing Zhao, Yuebing Sun Ruiying Shi, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Abdul Mannan Baig, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Aurang Zeb, Yuebing Sun Yuebing Sun Ruiying Shi, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Sheharyar Khan, Aurang Zeb, Ruiying Shi, Abdul Mannan Baig, Weitao Liu, Sheharyar Khan, Sheharyar Khan, Aurang Zeb, Ruiying Shi, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Aurang Zeb, Ruiying Shi, Ruiying Shi, Ruiying Shi, Hamid Iqbal, Yuebing Sun Yuebing Sun Ruiying Shi, Yuexing Zhao, Weitao Liu, Aurang Zeb, Yuebing Sun Ruiying Shi, Hamra Tariq, Aurang Zeb, Yuebing Sun Hamid Iqbal, Hamra Tariq, Hamra Tariq, Hamra Tariq, Ruiying Shi, Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Abdul Mannan Baig, Weitao Liu, Yuexing Zhao, Weitao Liu, Yuebing Sun Yuebing Sun Ruiying Shi, Yuexing Zhao, Yuexing Zhao, Yuexing Zhao, Yuebing Sun Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Yuebing Sun Weitao Liu, Weitao Liu, Yuebing Sun Yuebing Sun

Summary

This review synthesizes evidence on how tire wear particles age in terrestrial environments and the resulting ecological consequences. Researchers found that UV-induced aging generates environmentally persistent free radicals and reactive oxygen species that amplify soil toxicity, while biodegradation may reduce some risks. The study highlights that characterizing aged tire wear particles remains difficult due to their compositional complexity and calls for standardized analytical methods.

Polymers

rubber

Tire wear particles (TWPs), a major microplastic pollutant with global emissions estimated at 5.9 million tons annually, accumulate in terrestrial ecosystems, where aging processes critically influence their fate and ecotoxicity. This critical review synthesizes evidence on TWPs aging via oxidation, shear stress, and biodegradation, which alter their physicochemical properties. Aging processes, particularly UV-induced cleavage, generates environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs), often exacerbated by additives like carbon black and zinc oxide (ZnO). Key findings reveal that photoaging amplifies soil toxicity through reactive oxygen species (ROS) and EPFRs formation, as well as additive release, whereas biodegradation may attenuate risks by reducing contaminant bioavailability. Characterizing aged TWPs challenging due to matrix interferences and compositional complexity that hinder the reliability of analytical techniques such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Addressing these limitations requires standardized analytical protocols, long-term field investigations, and mechanistic models capable of capturing TWPs transformations and interactions within soil-plant systems to better inform effective pollution mitigation strategies.

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