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Advances in Portable Heavy Metal Ion Sensors
Summary
This review covers advances in portable sensors for detecting heavy metal ions in the environment, including electrochemical, optical, and smartphone-based devices. While focused on heavy metals rather than microplastics directly, the technology is relevant because microplastics often carry heavy metals that can leach into water and food. Better field-testing tools could help track how microplastics transport toxic metals into the environment and human food sources.
Heavy metal ions, one of the major pollutants in the environment, exhibit non-degradable and bio-chain accumulation characteristics, seriously damage the environment, and threaten human health. Traditional heavy metal ion detection methods often require complex and expensive instruments, professional operation, tedious sample preparation, high requirements for laboratory conditions, and operator professionalism, and they cannot be widely used in the field for real-time and rapid detection. Therefore, developing portable, highly sensitive, selective, and economical sensors is necessary for the detection of toxic metal ions in the field. This paper presents portable sensing based on optical and electrochemical methods for the in situ detection of trace heavy metal ions. Progress in research on portable sensor devices based on fluorescence, colorimetric, portable surface Raman enhancement, plasmon resonance, and various electrical parameter analysis principles is highlighted, and the characteristics of the detection limits, linear detection ranges, and stability of the various sensing methods are analyzed. Accordingly, this review provides a reference for the design of portable heavy metal ion sensing.
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