Entry of Microplastics into Agroecosystems

Microplastics are today considered a major environmental contaminant omnipresent in all types of ecosystems. Due to their small particle size (>5 mm) and prolonged degradation rate, crops and organisms can easily absorb them and transport them to subsequent trophic levels throughout the food chain. These microplastics are released into the environment either directly in a synthetic form or indirectly from fragmented parts of the plastics. Microplastics alter metabolic rates, enzyme activities, and other significant processes in plants, animals, and humans and cause multiple health hazards. The long-term threat of microplastic contamination to the agroecosystem may significantly affect ecosystem functioning, food security, and human health. Therefore, remediation approaches have recently gained the scientific community's interest. This chapter discusses various sources of microplastic pollution and the implications for agroecosystems with regard to human health and food security. Finally, knowledge gaps, challenges, and future recommendations for alleviating microplastic pollution are discussed.