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Nanoplastics as a Physical Problem: Why Biochemical Research Fails to Detect the Real Risk

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) 2025
Mikuláš, Peter

Summary

This commentary argues that conventional biochemical assays fail to detect the true risk of nanoplastics because these particles act primarily as chronic physical agents — mechanically irritating tissues and inducing micro-fibrotic changes — rather than triggering the acute chemical stress responses that standard tests measure.

Most contemporary research evaluates the effects of nanoplastics through biochemical assays. These studies consistently report that nanoplastics are not mutagenic, show minimal cytotoxicity, and do not generate classical biochemical stress responses. However, this interpretation overlooks the true nature of the threat. Nanoplastics act primarily as chronic physical agents: they mechanically irritate tissues, alter the extracellular matrix, induce micro‑fibrotic changes, and cause long‑term mechanical fatigue of cells. Tissue responds to such agents through years of silent physical adaptation until stabilization fails. Only then does biochemical overcompensation occur, creating conditions conducive to mutation, cellular selection, and tumor initiation. This essay explains why biochemical studies incorrectly suggest that nanoplastics are safe and why this represents an incomplete and misleading scientific picture.

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