Sodium Chloride

The article contains sections titled: 1 History 2 Properties 3 Formation and Occurrence of Salt Deposits 4 Production 4.1 Mining of Rock Salt from Underground and Surface Deposits 4.1.1 Mining by Drilling and Blasting 4.1.2 Machine Mining 4.1.3 Upgrading of Rock Salt 4.1.4 Utilization of the Chambers 4.2 Brine Production 4.2.1 Natural Brine Extraction 4.2.2 Solution Mining 4.2.2.1 Drilling and Construction of the Borehole 4.2.2.2 The Process of Solution Mining 4.2.2.3 Planning of the Extraction Process 4.2.2.4 Other Systems 4.2.2.5 Equipment 4.2.2.6 Storage Caverns 4.2.3 Combined Dry and Solution Mining 4.3 Vacuum Salt 4.3.1 Brine Purification 4.3.2 Open-Pan Evaporation (Grainer Process) 4.3.3 Multiple-Effect Evaporation (MEE) Process 4.3.4 Mechanical Vapor Recompression (MVR) Process 4.3.5 Recrystallization Process 4.3.6 Other Process Steps 4.3.7 Processing Aids 4.3.8 Evaluation of the Different Processes 4.3.9 Pharmaceutical Grade Sodium Chloride 4.3.10 Vacuum Salt Based on Seawater as Raw Material 4.4 Production of Solar Salt 4.4.1 Production from Seawater 4.4.1.1 The Main Factors Governing Production of Sea Salt 4.4.1.2 Production Stages in a Modern Salt Field 4.4.1.3 Solar Salt Quality 4.4.1.4 Byproducts 4.4.2 Crystallization from Mined Brine 4.4.3 Extraction from Salt Lakes 4.4.4 Seawater Desalination 5 Salt Standards 6 Analytical Methods 7 Uses 7.1 Table Salt and Food Processing 7.1.1 Functional Salts 7.1.2 Nitrited Salt 7.1.3 Dendritic Salt 7.1.4 Encapsulated Salt 7.1.5 Salt Replacers and Enhancers 7.2 Agriculture 7.3 Water Treatment 7.3.1 Water Softening 7.3.2 Water Disinfection 7.4 Chemical Uses 7.5 De-icing and Anti-icing 7.6 Pharma 7.7 Other Industrial Uses 8 Anticaking and Free-Flow Additives 9 Health Aspects 9.1 Sodium Intake 9.2 Sodium Restriction 9.3 Toxicity 9.4 Microplastics 10 Environmental Aspects 10.1 Energy Consumption 10.2 Carbon Footprint 10.3 Water Footprint 10.4 Impact of Salt Use 10.5 Circular Economy 11 Economic Aspects List of Abbreviations References