A Comprehensive Review of the Developments in Electrocoagulation for the Removal of Contaminants from Wastewater

Water organic pollution has become a major issue. A large number of people suffer from the decline in water quality. In addition, polluted water can lead to health problems or excessive deaths. In this regard, an increasingly important method for efficient water treatment is electrocoagulation (EC), the technology that encompasses a small equipment size combined with a simple operation compared to other water treatment methods. The importance of EC is especially accentuated by the recent decarbonization efforts due to the increasing availability of renewable electricity systems. This review provides an overview of the most recent developments in EC technology as it pertains to wastewater treatment. The EC is preferred for organic wastewater treatment over other traditional treatment methods due to its easy setup and low material costs. Moreover, the EC is very powerful in destabilizing organic impurities by charge neutralization and then coagulating to form flocs. In addition, EC has shown high efficiency not only in removing various organic pollutants but also in emerging persistent contaminants, such as microplastics. For these reasons, the EC mechanisms and related functional modalities are reviewed, as well as extensive details are provided on the diversity of the removed contaminants. Overall, this review provides significant new knowledge of interest for environmental chemical researchers in particular and engineers in general on the details of the EC technology for wastewater treatment and water purification.